Group+5

__**Group 5**__

 * Olivia, Cindy, Anna and Pete**


 * Culture is** how we live nature…to focus on particular ways we live and have lived as people.

· The quality in a person or society that arises from a concern from what is regarded as excellent in arte, letters, manners, scholarly pursuits, etc.

· That which is excellent in the arts, manners, etc.

· A particular form or stage of civilization, as that of a certain nation or period; Greek culture

· Development or improvement of the mind by education or training.

· The behaviors and beliefs characteristic of a particular social, ethnic, or age group: the youth culture; the drug culture.

· Anthropology the sum total of ways of living built up by a group of human beings and transmitted from one generation to another.

· Biology the cultivation of microorganisms, as bacteria, or of tissues, for scientific study, medicinal use.

· The act or practice of cultivation the soil; tillage.

· The raising of plants or animals, esp. with a view to their improvement.

· The product or growth resulting from such cultivation.

· Culture: as the shared patterns of behaviors and interactions, cognitive constructs, and affective understanding that are learned through a process of socialization.

__**Folk Culture**__ Folk Culture: refers to the lifestyle of a culture historically handed down through oral tradition, it demonstrates the “old ways” over novelty and relates to a sense of community. If elements of a folk culture are copied by, or moved to, a foreign locale, they will still carry strong connotations of their original place of creation.

Folk Culture and “folk society” uncritically, in the sense of non-primitive but relatively simple culture types which are rapidly being modified out of existence by increasing contact with modern industrial civilization.

Examples of folk culture: Folk music, folk song, and folk dance are recent expressions. They are extensions of the term [|//folk lore//], which was coined in 1846 by the English antiquarian [|William Thoms] to describe "the traditions, customs, and superstitions of the uncultured classes."[|[1]] The term is further derived from the German expression [|//Volk//], in the sense of "the people as a whole" as applied to popular and national music by [|Johann Gottfried Herder] and the German Romantics over half a century earlier.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_culture

An example of San Antonio folk culture is Fiesta. **"Fiesta San Antonio"** (or simply "Fiesta") is an annual spring festival held in San Antonio, TX with origins dating to the late 1800s. The festival begun as a single event to honor the memory of the battles of The Alamo and San Jacinto.

http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://comethatmidnight.files.wordpress.com/2009/04/battle-of-flower-parade.jpg&imgrefurl=http://comethatmidnight.wordpress.com/2009/04/21/the-bad-side-of-fiesta/&usg=Qul7EdygIzToFzm_fTQw4iIBWyw=&h=299&w=450&sz=227&hl=en&start=6&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=EkUTsLDTMaWBgM:&tbnh=84&tbnw=127&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsan%2Bantonio%2Bfiesta%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26tbs%3Disch:1

// When I, Olivia, visited San Fransisco, my boyfriend and I decided to go explore Japantown since we were both from Japan. Japantown is a good example of folk culture because commonly, you see that in restaurants, they have plastic plates of the food on their menu so it is easier for the customer to decide what they want.

Along with the plastic food, you see many Japanese types of buildings and Japanese markets.

Between the late 18th and the early 19th century in some Western countries, there was a major shift of technological, socioeconomic, and cultural conditions known as the Industrial Revolution. Popular culture emerges from the urbanization of the [|industrial revolution], which identifies the term with the usual definitions of '**mass culture****'**. Mass culture theory holds that through `atomisation’ individuals can only relate to each other like atoms in a chemical compound. Individuals are vulnerable to exploitation by core institutions of mass media and pop culture. http://www.artandpopularculture.com/Mass_culture
 * Mass Culture**

Mass culture can be described as the culture that is widely disseminated via the mass media. Its seen as a commercial cultures, mass produced for mass consumption. Mass culture changes constantly and occurs uniquely in place and time. It forms currents and eddies, and represents a complex of mutually interdependent perspectives and values that influence society and its institutions in carious ways. John storey emphasizes that popular culture emerges from the urbanization of the industrial revolution, which identifies the term with the usual definitions of mass culture. Studies of Shakespeare locate much of the characteristic vitality of his dream in its participation in renaissance popular culture.

__[]__

//__**Examples of Mass Culture:**__//
 * The need for Entertainment
 * Anime - just as Shakespeare being so popular from the mid to late 18th century, currently, anime has become a popluar thing in America
 * Adorno & Popular Music - created a system that would ensure that no particular key centre which has become popular
 * The use of Advertisement

__http://library.med.utah.edu/wiki/MODwiki/images/8/82/New_Media_v2sml.jpg

__ We chose this picture of football because football is definitely a culture. Though football is an American sport, whether you are American or not just about everyone enjoys football and it connects people from every background.

__**Popular Culture**__

Pop culture is how culture gets consumed. It is determined in large part by industries that disseminate cultural material. It comprises the daily interactions, needs and desires and cultural 'moments' that make up the everyday lives of the mainstream. Pop culture has an effect on us no matter what we do. In some ways it determines how we dress, what we eat and even how we think about ourselves. Influences are sometimes a good thing and some times not. Popular culture often contrasts with a more exclusive, even elitist "high culture,", that is, the culture of ruling social groups. http://dictionary.babylon.com/pop%20culture/ Most people say that they are influenced by celebrities, movies, music, and other types of media. These are all forms of media and for years have determined many aspects of our lives. Popularity is relative in terms of time and space. What is pop in some places may not be pop in other places.



__**Examples of Popular Culture**__
 * Disco
 * Rock'n'roll
 * Fashion
 * Social networks
 * "...from Levi's jeans to Sylvester Stallone movies..." [|Popular Culture]
 * [|Mac vs. PC]

__**Cultural studies**__

Culture studies today is a simmering stew of the ideas, voices, and llines of people all over the world. It’s the things we use and the people we talk about. Cultural studies is an academic field grounded in critical theory, which combines political economy, communication, sociology, social theory Critical theory, in the sociological context, refers to a style of Marxist theory with a tendency to engage with non-Marxist influences (for instance the work of Nietzche and Freud). This tendency has been referred to pejoratively by stricter Marxists as 'revisionism'.
 * __Critical theory-__** is the examination and critique of society and culture, drawing from knowledge across the social sciences and humanities. The term has two different meanings with different origins and histories: one originating in sociology and the other in literary criticism. This has led to the very literal use of 'critical theory' as an umbrella term to describe theoretical critique.
 * __Marxist Theory-__**a political philosophy and a sociology; particularly to the extent it attempts to remain scientific, systematic and objective rather than purely normative and prescriptive.

[|www.culturalstudies.net] []

__**Pierre Bourdieu Theory of culture studies**__

Bourdieu used methods drawn from a wide range of disciplines particularly philosophy, sociology, and anthropology. He routinely sought to connect his theoretical ideas with empirical research grounded in everyday life, and his work can be seen as sociology of culture. Bourdieu also believed that social class is determined by taste rather than just economic status. Points out that culture is what one has not what one is and what one has become.

Pierre Bourdieu states that there are three different types of capital: Economic capital, which “commands over economic resources (cash, assets)”, Social capital where “resources based on group membership, relationships, networks of influence and support”, and Cultural capital, the knowledge, skills, education, and taste that a person has. In cultural capital, there are three main ideas that Bourdieu claims, such as embodied cultural capital where a person is taught through their family or over time their ideas. Another idea is objectified cultural capital, which “consists of physical objects that are owned, such as scientific instruments or works of art.” Owning a painting is a good example of objectified cultural capital but to have a real understanding of the painting is an example of cultural capital. The last idea is institutionalized capital, which consists of institutional recognition, academic credentials or qualifications.

www.pierrebourdien.com http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_capital

__**Gramsci's Theory of Hegemony**__

For Gramsci, hegemony was a form of control exercised primarily through a society's superstructure, as opposed to its base or social relations of production of a predominately economic character. According to Gramsci's theory of hegemony, these systems of power cannot be maintained by force alone. People have to do things, willingly and happily, in their everyday lives that keep the powerful people on top. Coercion alone does not work. If the President of the United States threatened to put to death Americans who did not hang flags from their homes, that president would be overthrown. However, plenty of Americans hang flags from their homes willingly and happily, and this is an everyday behavior that helps the government remain in power. Gramsci’s basic theory of hegemony is that man is not ruled by force alone buy also by ideas.


 * Everyday behaviors that keep governments in power:**
 * People hanging flags from their homes
 * People rising and removing their hats when the national anthem is sung
 * People celebrating a country's independence day with parades and picnics
 * Everyday behaviors that keep corporations in power:**
 * People wearing designer clothing
 * People shopping at chains instead of local stores
 * Schools serving fast food in cafeterias
 * Women displaying huge diamond engagement rings.
 * People celebrating days that have been manufactured by Hallmark, like Grandparent's Day
 * Everyday behaviors that keep patriarchy in power:**
 * Women taking their husbands' last names.
 * Fathers "giving away" their daughters during wedding ceremonies.
 * The use of words such as "man" as gender neutral.

http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:OTSkuzvNtkcJ:medialiteracy.suite101.com/article.cfm/hegemony_and_media_studies+antonio+gramsci+concept+of+hegemony&cd=6&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us

__**Modernism**__ Modernism, in its broadest definition, is modern thought, character, or practice. More specifically, the term describes both a set of cultural tendencies and an array of associated culturally movements, originally arising from wide-scale and far-reaching changes to Western Society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The term encompasses the activities and output of those who felt the "traditional" forms of art, architecture, literature, religious faith, social organization and daily life were becoming outdated in the new economic, social and political conditions of an emerging fully industrialized world. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernism

__**Postmodernism**__
Postmodernism is a tendency in contemporary culture characterized by the rejection of objective truth and global cultural narrative. It emphasizes the role of language, power relations, and motivations; in particular it attacks the use of sharp classifications such as male versus female, straight versus gay, white versus black, and imperial versus colonial. Postmodernism has influenced many cultural fields, including literary criticism, linguistic, architecture, visual arts, and music. Postmodernist thought is an intentional departure from modernist approaches that had previously been dominant. The term "Postmodernism" comes from its rejection of the "Modern" scientific mentality of objectivity and progress associated with the Enlightenment.

Postmodernism can be seen through- popular media, education and academic and through personal identity.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernism


 * __Saturnino Herran__



Saturnino Herran was the first Mexican artist to envision the concept of a totally Mexican art. And he laid the foundation for the development of the muralist movement. __Muralist movement-__** The Mexican Mural movement represents one of the most powerful and significant achievements in public art during the 20th century. After a prolonged civil war and people's revolution, Mexican Mural movement was born. The three most prominent artists of the movement are José Orozco, Diego Rivera and David Alfaro Siqueiros.

http://www.huntfor.com/arthistory/C20th/muralpaint.htm

Though he did embrace the contemporary European influences that he was being taught, he, at the same time, he immersed himself in the artwork of his own culture - the indigenous people. The native artwork of his country along with the work of Frank Brangwyn, a British muralist whose work he saw in art magazines, influenced greatly the type of work he was to produce and the venue he chose in the years to come.


 * Deigo Rivera** [|En el Arsenal]



Diego Rivera was a very political man who does art pieces that show what he knows about his culture and politics. In his art works and murals, he tend to show the political side to things, such as in this painting, En el Arsenal. Rivera depicted Tina Modotti, an Italian photographer, model, actress, and revolutionary political activist, Julio Antonio Mella, the founder of the "internationalized" Cuban Communist Part, and Vittrio Vidali, and Italian-born Stalinist assassin. Rivera combined folk culture

**"Poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the world."**
 * Contemporary Poet**
 * — Percy Bysshe Shelle**


 * [[image:http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1971/neruda.jpg width="162" height="227" caption="Pablo Neruda"]]

Born Ricardo Ellecer Nefalil Reyes Basoalto in southern Chile on July 12, 1904 Pablo Neruda led a life charged with poetic and political activity. ** Pablo Neruda is considered one of the greatest and most influential poets of the 20th century. He chose his pen name in honour of the famous [|Czech] poet [|Jan Neruda]. Neruda was accomplished in a variety of styles ranging from erotically charged love poems like his collection //[|Twenty Poems of Love and a Song of Despair]//, [|surrealist] poems, historical epics, and overtly political manifestos. His poems are often passionate odes to love and nature, and he was once noted by the New York Times as "the most influential, and inventive poet of the Spanish language."

**Always**
= I am not jealous = of what came before me.

Come with a man on your shoulders, come with a hundred men in your hair, come with a thousand men between your breasts and your feet, come like a river full of drowned men which flows down to the wild sea, to the eternal surf, to Time!

Bring them all to where I am waiting for you; we shall always be alone, we shall always be you and I alone on earth, to start our life!

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Neruda http://www.poets.org/poet http://peacefulrivers.homestead.com/PabloNeruda.html

__**Stephen Dunn -Contemporary Poet

**__

Dunn’s poetry was relaxed in form, not really employing any specific structure or rhyme sceme. It had a sound that could best be described as “organic,” with streams of thought that gently flowed from the poet, turning this way and that, sometimes coming back in on itself, sometimes breaking away to form new branches, but always ending up at the metaphorical “sea,” or rather, the point of the poem. The points Dunn was making were rather clear, and most of the wording was quite simple and understandable, though still managing to be imaginative. The poems were very accessible, and also very funny. Their meanings were often profound, and almost zen-like in their reflective nature.

**Poem For People That Are Understandably Busy To Read Poetry by Stephen Dunn ** Relax. This won't last long. Or if it does, or if the lines make you sleepy or bored, give in to sleep, turn on the T.V., deal the cards. This poem is built to withstand such things. Its feelings cannot be hurt. They exist somewhere in the poet, and I am far away. Pick it up anytime. Start it in the middle if you wish. It is as approachable as melodrama, and can offer you violence if it is violence you like. Look, there's a man on a sidewalk; the way his leg is quivering he'll never be the same again. This is your poem and I know you're busy at the office or the kids are into your last nerve. Maybe it's sex you've always wanted. Well, they lie together like the party's unbuttoned coats, slumped on the bed waiting for drunken arms to move them. I don't think you want me to go on; everyone has his expectations, but this is a poem for the entire family. Right now, Budweiser is dripping from a waterfall, deodorants are hissing into armpits of people you resemble, and the two lovers are dressing now, saying farewell. I don't know what music this poem can come up with, but clearly it's needed. For it's apparent they will never see each other again and we need music for this because there was never music when he or she left you standing on the corner. You see, I want this poem to be nicer than life. I want you to look at it when anxiety zigzags your stomach and the last tranquilizer is gone and you need someone to tell you I'll be here when you want me like the sound inside a shell. The poem is saying that to you now. But don't give anything for this poem. It doesn't expect much. It will never say more than listening can explain. Just keep it in your attache case or in your house. And if you're not asleep by now, or bored beyond sense, the poem wants you to laugh. Laugh at yourself, laugh at this poem, at all poetry. Come on:

Good. Now here's what poetry can do.

Imagine yourself a caterpillar. There's an awful shrug and, suddenly, You're beautiful for as long as you live.

http://famouspoetsandpoems.com/poets/stephen_dunn/poems/14902 http://wp.stockton.edu/lantha/2010/03/04/stephen-dunn-poetry-readings/


 * [|2Pac]**

//[|Changes]// lyrics: "Come on come on I see no changes wake up in the morning and I ask myself is life worth living should I blast myself? I'm tired of bein' poor & even worse I'm black my stomach hurts so I'm lookin' for a purse to snatch Cops give a damn about a negro pull the trigger kill a nigga he's a hero Give the crack to the kids who the hell cares one less hungry mouth on the welfare First ship 'em dope & let 'em deal the brothers give 'em guns step back watch 'em kill each other It's time to fight back that's what Huey said 2 shots in the dark now Huey's dead I got love for my brother but we can never go nowhere unless we share with each other We gotta start makin' changes learn to see me as a brother instead of 2 distant strangers and that's how it's supposed to be How can the Devil take a brother if he's close to me? I'd love to go back to when we played as kids but things changed, and that's the way it is

//[Bridge w/ changing ad libs]// Come on come on That's just the way it is Things'll never be the same That's just the way it is aww yeah //[Repeat]//

//[2]// I see no changes all I see is racist faces misplaced hate makes disgrace to races We under I wonder what it takes to make this one better place, let's erase the wasted Take the evil out the people they'll be acting right 'cause both black and white is smokin' crack tonight and only time we chill is when we kill each other..."

Tupac was a very educated man who got himself into the thug life. He became a rapper who educated others through his music about a hard life where African American men were treated wrongly. the song talks about all of the different issues that were related to 2Pac's era of influence, notably [|racism], [|police brutality], [|drugs], and [|gang violence]. In addition, the song samples the 1986 hit "[|The Way It Is]" by [|Bruce Hornsby and the Range].